School essay writing: 2020

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Ferrari trategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Ferrari trategic Management - Case Study Example Ferrari I known and I exceptionally esteemed wherever on the planet. From the U to Japan, from Germany and witzerland to India, to France, Autralia, New Zealand, Ruia, Brazil and Argentina. The term 'Contructor' applie in F1 for a corporate or any efficient body which contruct the vehicle, motor or chai. The contructor of a motor or chai own the scholarly right to it. (Doorman, 1985, 44) The title of Formula 1 World Champion Contructor I given to the vehicle that ha drawn the adage point during the coure of the eaon. A' motor and chai, both are considered while settling on it point. On the off chance that a vehicle' chai and motor contructor I the ame, the title suggest goe to that contructor. In any case, if the producer of the chai and motor are unique, the title I given mutually, as Ferrari-Honda, Renault-Mercede and so on. The name of the chai contructor precede that of the motor contructor. The term 'contructor' and 'contestant' have unique and pecific meaning. A contestant I the peron or corporate substance that regiter a vehicle and driver for a race eaon. From that point the reponibility of planning and keeping up that vehicle during the race end of the week lie with them. The term 'group' I uually applied to a participant association. The 1970 were the lat decade Ferrari entered an a work exertion in port vehicle dashing. After a uninpired execution in the 1973 F1 World Championhip, Enzo Ferrari beat all advancement of port vehicle in model and GT dashing toward the year's end, despite the fact that, Enzo intended to pull out of F1, that year which wa the time of the lat official Targa Florio street race Enzo respected an increasingly critical to him. Following three poor year, Ferrari igned Niki Lauda in 1974, and made the momentou deciion to pull out of portcar hustling to think upon F1. In any case, poor dependability with the 312B3 shielded them from taking triumph that year. The new Ferrari 312T, grew completely with Niki Lauda, presented in 1975 took Ferrari back to winning way. Niki taking the driver' crown and Ferrari the contructor'. (Mazzucato, 2002, 55-88) In 1976 Lauda crahed at the German Grand Prix. Carlo Reutemann wa employed an a substitution, o with Clay Regazzoni driving the other vehicle, Ferrari needed to run three vehicle in the 1976 Italian Grand Prix when Lauda returned out of the blue oon (just multi week after hello there mishap). Lauda cored point, yet resigned from the lat race in Japan in overwhelming precipitation, thu permitting Jame Hunt to take the title by extend an ingle point. In 1977 Lauda, having returned from hello close to lethal crah the previou year, took the title again for Ferrari (and the group won the cotrucutor' championhip), beating greetings progressively liked, and supported, colleague. Howdy connection with the group, epecially the group supervisor Mauro Forghieri kept on breaking down, and he concluded at last to leave for Brabham. (Mazzucato, 2002, 55-88) In 1978, Ferrari dashed with Carlo Reutemann and Gille Villeneuve, and keeping in mind that they figured out how to create an olid vehicle it, similar to everybody that year, wa outclaed by the ground impact Lotu 79. (Mazzucato, 2002, 55-88) Jody checkter supplanting the Lotu bound Argentinian in 1979, took the title, upported by Gille Villeneuve (who obediently followed the outh

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Ethiopia and Eritrea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Ethiopia and Eritrea - Research Paper Example After around four many years of delight in its sovereign right, Ethiopia is again nearly for all time turning into a landlocked nation. The current overseeing collection of Ethiopia has endorsed and consented to the Algiers Arrangement that may make their country landlocked (Healy and Plaut, 2007). On the off chance that the resistance, triumphs in the following political decision or any political decision a while later, it may formally censure the Algiers Agreement and demand another course of action that recognizes the privilege of getting to the ocean. It is regarded getting to the ocean is one of the consuming themes that added to the accomplishment of the restriction and the diminishing help of the administration in the last political race. In this theory, this paper will contend that Ethiopia has a legitimate right of getting to the ocean as acknowledged by the guidelines of the UN General Assembly of 1950, which was executed as needs be by consolidating Eritrea to Ethiopia. This paper perceives the privilege of self-government alongside the freedom of the Eritrean residents. Despite the fact that, it perceives the freedom of Eritrea, it likewise perceives the sovereign right of getting to the ocean by Ethiopia. The legitimate framework that oversees the regional differences among Eritrea and Ethiopia is the settlement among UN and Ethiopia. The settlement was likewise alluded to as the understanding among Ethiopia and the Victorious Four Powers of World War II in accordance with Eritrea, which was converged to Ethiopia, in 1952. The residents of Eritrea battled for their destiny and have gotten sovereign. Their wants have been practiced by the blood that they paid during the battle for their autonomy (Healy and Plaut, 2007). The settlement of the Four Powers and Ethiopia is about the thought of the security of East Africa and the legitimate need of Ethiopia to get to the ocean. As a general rule, the fundamental reason and goal of the bargain is the privilege of Ethiopia to get to the ocean. Be that as it may, the individuals who seem to profit mostly from the arrangement are the Eritreans. The premise of any understanding that is intended to determine the regional contradictions among Eritrea and Ethiopia ought to adjust the suggestion of the United Nations General Assembly of 1950, just as the global law, which gives Ethiopia the option to get to the ocean. Foundation The Horn of Africa, which involves Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, is roughly seventy five percent of a million square miles in the upper east of Africa (International Group Crisis, 2003). The area outskirts many kilometers of the Arabian Sea. It additionally lies along the southern fringe of the Gulf of Aden. Ethiopia remains at the focal point of the Horn of Africa. The nation is flanked by Eritrea 912 km, Djibouti 349 km, Somalia 1600 km and Kenya 861 km, just as Sudan 1606 km. The nation imparts differing social gatherings to its neighbors (International Group Crisis, 2003). There is a wide scope of ethnic gatherings living in Ethiopia, Kenya and Sudan. The

Sunday, August 2, 2020

Complete Guide to Googles HEART Framework for Measuring the Quality of UX

Complete Guide to Googles HEART Framework for Measuring the Quality of UX AN INTRODUCTION TO USER EXPERIENCEUser Experience (UX) is a term that is used to refer to a deep understanding of the userâ€™s or customerâ€™s preferences, behaviors, values and their abilities. Through UX measurement, one can measure the attitudes and emotions of users regarding a certain product, service or a system. User experience includes the main aspects of the interaction between humans and the computer systems. This very concept helps businesses fathom the kind of experiences users have while using either the products or services or the website or any other web platform of the company. They can know the ease of usage, the perception of the value of the system as well as the efficiency in performing certain tasks.User experience or UX is continuously modified with respect to time and, for this reason, it is considered dynamic in nature. It changes with changes in circumstances and situations and is subjective in nature. In simple words, User experience can also be defined as h ow a person feels while using a system at a particular time. The system could be anything including a web application, a website, software or a hardware system. The overall purpose or aim of measuring UX is to improve the quality of the interaction of the users regarding a system.History of User experienceIt was in the 1990s that Donald Norman brought the term â€˜User experienceâ€™ into wider knowledge. Earlier, this term was used to indicate a shift to take into account not just behavioral contexts but also affective factors. But even till date, several practitioners continue to research and evaluate these affective factors that are associated with end users or consumers. There have been many developments that have led to a rise in the interest in user experience since then and they are given as follows:Improvements and advances in social, mobile and tangible computer systems and technologies into several areas of activities of humans.Combination of interests of several stakeholder s in website designing too led to an increase in the interest levels. What happened was that those who were associated with branding and marketing needed to access the interactive part of this field in such a way that they could measure usability. But those who were concerned with website designing needed to consider branding, marketing as well as all the other aesthetical aspects. Thus, it was User Experience that offered a way to cover all these interests at the same time.MEASURING USER EXPERIENCEIf you are a business owner and own a website, then do you sometimes wonder why you have a lot of visitors on your website but not enough conversions? Have you ever given a thought to why the retention rate of visitors is low? Well, if you have these questions then only one thing can answer them accurately, and that is measuring the User Experience. Usability simply refers to the ease at which a user is when using a product or service offered by you and by measuring this, you can have ans wers to all your queries about the experience of the users. The following are some of the UX metrics that can help measure UX effectively.What are UX Metrics?UX metrics are a superb and powerful tool for measuring the performance of any system or product. UX metrics can be best used when they are combined with marketing metrics. UX metrics are slightly different than metrics that are used in marketing, finance or sales. The following are some of the most commonly used UX metrics:Usability One of the user experience metrics which proves useful and effective in measuring the customerâ€™s opinions and preferences is the usability factor. This metric concentrates upon how easy is it for people or users to find what they are looking for and with how much ease can they accomplish what they aim to do. The following are some aspects of usability that UX teams are engaged in measuring in most of the cases:Time on task The time taken to complete a particular task or activity is one of the th ings that defines usability.Task success The success rate or nature of the task at hand is also one of the important aspects of overall usability.Confusion moment Usability also takes into account the number of moments of confusion that a user may face while performing a certain task.Cue recognition The ease of recognition of icons or cues too is measured when measuring usability.Menu/navigation use The ease of use of the navigation systems, drop-down menus and other menus too can be included.Engagement This is a highly crucial category of user metrics and is often considered the main aspect of overall user experience. UX teams spend a lot of time trying to figure out the nature of the interaction of engagement that users have with a system or site. The following are some of the factors that may be included in the broad category of engagement.Attention minutes The amount of attention that a user gives to a website is something that engagement may revolve around majorly.Happines s rating How good a user feels when using a system or website too is an important aspect covered in this category.Flow state The ease of flow from one block of information to another is the flow state and comes with engagement.Total time reading Total time spent on a website or particular portions of that website help to measure the level of engagement as well.Conversion Conversion is a crucial metric but is one that basically focuses only on that small percentage of users who seem interested in converting or have converted. For every business, it is important to know how many and how often do visitors convert into customers so that they can figure out the trends that are leading to this conversion and improve upon them further. The following are some of the factors that are encircled within this user metric.Conversion rate The exact rate of conversion is one of the most important factors included in this metric.Likelihood to recommend, or NPS Net promoter score (NPS) or the li kelihood of a user recommending a product or service to another user.Likelihood to take action This factor measures the chances that a consumer is about to take an action such as order a product, try a service, etc.USER PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK A successful business isnâ€™t one which is only concerned with selling products but is one which makes efforts to improve the sales by taking into account the users. Without the users or customers entering the picture, a business isnâ€™t complete, and this is where the concept of User Experience (UX) comes into play.For each and every seller, business or organization, evaluation of consumer interest, preference, behavior, and emotions is highly important, and the concept of UX helps us measure these attributes. Through this article, we shall try and understand what user experience really is and how the HEART framework helps to measure the quality of UX. We will provide 1) a short introduction to user experience (UX), 2) how to measure user experience, and 3) user performance framework inclusing Googles HEART framework.AN INTRODUCTION TO USER EXPERIENCEUser Experience (UX) is a term that is used to refer to a deep understanding of the userâ€™s or customerâ€™s preferences, behaviors, values and their abilities. Through UX measurement, one can measure the attitudes and emotions of users regarding a certain product, service or a system. User experience includes the main aspects of the interaction between humans and the computer systems. This very concept helps businesses fathom the kind of experiences users have while using either the products or services or the website or any other web platform of the company. They can know the ease of usage, the perception of the value of the system as well as the efficiency in performing certain tasks.User experience or UX is continuously modified with respect to time and, for this reason, it is cons idered dynamic in nature. It changes with changes in circumstances and situations and is subjective in nature. In simple words, User experience can also be defined as how a person feels while using a system at a particular time. The system could be anything including a web application, a website, software or a hardware system. The overall purpose or aim of measuring UX is to improve the quality of the interaction of the users regarding a system.History of User experienceIt was in the 1990s that Donald Norman brought the term â€˜User experienceâ€™ into wider knowledge. Earlier, this term was used to indicate a shift to take into account not just behavioral contexts but also affective factors. But even till date, several practitioners continue to research and evaluate these affective factors that are associated with end users or consumers. There have been many developments that have led to a rise in the interest in user experience since then and they are given as follows:Improvements and advances in social, mobile and tangible computer systems and technologies into several areas of activities of humans.Combination of interests of several stakeholders in website designing too led to an increase in the interest levels. What happened was that those who were associated with branding and marketing needed to access the interactive part of this field in such a way that they could measure usability. But those who were concerned with website designing needed to consider branding, marketing as well as all the other aesthetical aspects. Thus, it was User Experience that offered a way to cover all these interests at the same time.MEASURING USER EXPERIENCEIf you are a business owner and own a website, then do you sometimes wonder why you have a lot of visitors on your website but not enough conversions? Have you ever given a thought to why the retention rate of visitors is low? Well, if you have these questions then only one thing can answer them accurately, and that is meas uring the User Experience. Usability simply refers to the ease at which a user is when using a product or service offered by you and by measuring this, you can have answers to all your queries about the experience of the users. The following are some of the UX metrics that can help measure UX effectively.What are UX Metrics?UX metrics are a superb and powerful tool for measuring the performance of any system or product. UX metrics can be best used when they are combined with marketing metrics. UX metrics are slightly different than metrics that are used in marketing, finance or sales. The following are some of the most commonly used UX metrics:Usability One of the user experience metrics which proves useful and effective in measuring the customerâ€™s opinions and preferences is the usability factor. This metric concentrates upon how easy is it for people or users to find what they are looking for and with how much ease can they accomplish what they aim to do. The following are some aspects of usability that UX teams are engaged in measuring in most of the cases:Time on task The time taken to complete a particular task or activity is one of the things that defines usability.Task success The success rate or nature of the task at hand is also one of the important aspects of overall usability.Confusion moment Usability also takes into account the number of moments of confusion that a user may face while performing a certain task.Cue recognition The ease of recognition of icons or cues too is measured when measuring usability.Menu/navigation use The ease of use of the navigation systems, drop-down menus and other menus too can be included.Engagement This is a highly crucial category of user metrics and is often considered the main aspect of overall user experience. UX teams spend a lot of time trying to figure out the nature of the interaction of engagement that users have with a system or site. The following are some of the factors that may be included in the broad category of engagement.Attention minutes The amount of attention that a user gives to a website is something that engagement may revolve around majorly.Happiness rating How good a user feels when using a system or website too is an important aspect covered in this category.Flow state The ease of flow from one block of information to another is the flow state and comes with engagement.Total time reading Total time spent on a website or particular portions of that website help to measure the level of engagement as well.Conversion Conversion is a crucial metric but is one that basically focuses only on that small percentage of users who seem interested in converting or have converted. For every business, it is important to know how many and how often do visitors convert into customers so that they can figure out the trends that are leading to this conversion and improve upon them further. The following are some of the factors that are encircled within this user metric.Conver sion rate The exact rate of conversion is one of the most important factors included in this metric.Likelihood to recommend, or NPS Net promoter score (NPS) or the likelihood of a user recommending a product or service to another user.Likelihood to take action This factor measures the chances that a consumer is about to take an action such as order a product, try a service, etc.USER PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORKDuring the process of website designing, one can evaluate and analyze the usability of a product or service and compare interfaces through A/B testing. But to pursue this, it is important to choose and use the correct metrics that can be selected on the basis of some useful methods. These methods must point out to the metrics that represent not just the quality of user experience but also the overall goals of a project or a product.Two parts of the framework:The quality of user experience (Googles HEART framework)The goals of project or product (The Goals-signals-metrics process)P art #1 Googleâ€™s Heart FrameworkGoogleâ€™s HEART framework is a strong and powerful user-centric metric which can be used to evaluate and measure the advancements made towards the main objectives or product decisions. HEART Framework is put to use for defining the large scale metrics that can be both behavioral in nature as well as attitudinal. HEART can be applied not just to an entire system but also its individual elements. It stands for Happiness, Engagement, Adoption, Retention and Task Success. To know more about this framework introduced by Google, please read further.Happiness Happiness is the attribute that evaluates and measures the attitudes, behavior and emotions of the users or consumers. These points are collected by the means of user surveys, the net-promoter score as well as by using methods like perceived ease of use. These factors help to know whether or not users or consumers are happy and satisfied with the products or web systems and what their overall thought is regarding the same.Engagement Engagement is the term that is used to refer to the overall involvement of consumers with the website or product in question. The engagement levels are measured through behavioral tools like depth of interaction for a given period of time, intensity of interactions as well as the frequency of involvement. A good example to describe engagement on a social networking site could be the number of visits to the site per day.Adoption Adoption is the term that is used to describe how well or often is a new product, service or feature being adopted or utilized. It also measures how new consumers adopt to the service or product and when do they convert from being visitors to consumers. For example, adoption may measure the number of new user accounts created on an email website in a given period of time, say 7 days.Retention Retention is the rate at which the consumers, users or customers who already exist for a business are returning to purchase more ser vices or products. This can be understood as the number of users who continue to be customers of a company continuously for a given period of time. Most businesses focus on the retention rate besides concentrating on just the conversion rate because the number of users retained speaks volumes about the value of the product or service, effectiveness of the cost as well as efficiency of engagement efforts of the business. A good example of retention is the renewal rate for an antivirus program.Task success Task success is an integral factor that basically takes into account the traditional behavioral metrics of UX, which include the effectiveness of a particular task, efficiency of a task as well as the error rate observed. Task success attribute is more suitable for the task-focused parts of a product or service such as upload flow or search. For example, the time taken to upload a photo or the success rate of search results could refer to be task success attributes.Application of G oogles HEART framework to multiple levelsThe HEART Framework, as mentioned above doesnâ€™t necessarily have to be applied to an entire system but can also be valid for individual levels. As an example, in Gmail, the HEART framework can either be applied to the whole product in general or can also be utilized for some crucial features like archiving and labels, etc. A lot of people wonder why use the factors like retention and adoption when it is easy to calculate the total number of users or customers. Of course it is important to know the total number of consumers or customers but at the same time, when adoption and retention are calculated, one can differentiate between the new customers as well as those who are returning back to use a product or service. This helps to fathom the speed of growth of the user base.The Googles HEART framework is helpful in letting you make a decision regarding what features are to be added and which ones need to be eliminated. By measuring user exper ience based on H-E-A-R-T, one can fathom whether it is the engagement levels that need focus or is it the adoption that needs to be worked upon and so on.Part #2 The Goals-Signals-Metrics ProcessWhen the Googles HEART framework is already utilized, how does one move ahead and apply and track the findings? Well, there obviously isnâ€™t an automatic method that would do this task for you because the most useful metrics are mostly meant for a particular project or product. This is where the Goals-Signals-Metrics process comes into play. Letâ€™s look into this metric process in detail:Goals â€" Rather than creating a long list of metrics that can be hard to list in a chronological order, it is better to come up with a small list of metrics that are useful. But to figure out this small list, one will need to start at a superior level and figure out the goals. This will help you to choose the metrics that can enable you to evaluate your progress on the road to success. However, it can be very difficult to articulate the goals of your project since every member of the team may have different ideas about it. For example, there may be different goals for the particular project as compared to goals for a particular feature.Signals â€" The next step within this metric is to map the already figured out goals to lower-level signals. You now need to figure out how the failure or the success of your goals will implement itself. For one particular goal, there may be a large number of signals which can be potentially very useful. In order to choose from those signals, you may need to conduct a proper research and analysis. Within this research, you may need to figure out which signal is the easiest to track, is the product aligned with the signal or can a product survey be deployed easily on a regular basis and so on. Also, the signal must be chosen in such a way that it should be sensitive to the various changes in the design.Metrics â€" After selection of the signals, they m ust be refined further into metrics. Metrics are the elements or items that you will be tracking over a given period of time in the A/B tests. When you come to this particular time, then the particulars will mainly depend upon the kind of infrastructure you have. But, here again, for a given signal, there can be many types of metrics possible and an analysis of data collected must be done to find out which metrics are the most suitable. By making use of percentages as well as averages, you will have to normalize the raw figures to come up with the more meaningful ones.The process of Goals-Signals-Metrics should enable you to come up with a prioritization of the metrics so that you can use the ones that are most effective and important first and then use the lesser important ones later. Only use those metrics that are related to your personalized goals and avoid wasting time on the ones that require extra implementation efforts.Which methods are you using for measuring your product a nd UX metrics? Did you use Googles HEART framework? If you did, what experiences did you have with it?

Friday, May 22, 2020

Anxiety A Type Of Emotional Disorder - 2163 Words

Introduction Anxiety is a type of emotional disorder that affects over 40 million adults in the United States, making it the leading mental illness in the US (www.adaa.org, 2014). Emotional disorders, including anxiety, affected roughly 405,293 school ages individuals during the 2009-2010 school year (Heward, 2013). Anxiety can come in many forms, including generalized anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorders, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. They can lead to eating disorders, selective mutism, depression, sleep disorders, and irritable bowel syndrome. Anxiety disorder is defined as a Ã¢â‚¬Å"maladaptive emotional state or behaviors caused by excessive and often irrational fears and worriesÃ¢â‚¬ (Heward,Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Individuals with generalized anxiety often experience restlessness, loss of sleep, fatigue, inability to concentrate, headaches, nausea, and trembling. Generalized anxiety may cause an inability to make decision s due to the constant worrying that an individual experiences (www.mayoclinic.org, 2014). Generalized anxiety disorder is unique in its characteristics in that Ã¢â‚¬Å"physiological symptoms are indeed a defining characteristic of (generalized anxiety) rather than other anxiety disorders including social anxietyÃ¢â‚¬ (Ollendick, Kim-Spoon, Whitmoore, 2013, p. 457). The characteristics of social anxiety, while similar to those of generalized anxiety, are unique because they are caused primarily by social situations. Behavioral inhibition is a Ã¢â‚¬Å"specific risk factor for social anxietyÃ¢â‚¬ (Ollendick, Kim-Spoon, Whitmoore, 2013, p. 457). Social anxiety is much more than simply shyness. It is a type of phobia, in which the individual affected feels overwhelming fear of social situations and may even avoid socializing all together. This type of anxiety is Ã¢â‚¬Å"linked to a priori assumption of failure and fear that events wouldÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ invite ridiculeÃ¢â‚¬ (Russel Topham, 20 12, p. 380). While typical peers may experience bouts of anxiety and may avoid certain social or

Sunday, May 10, 2020

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami History and Its Aftermath

December 26, 2004, seemed like an ordinary Sunday. Fishermen, shopkeepers, Buddhist nuns, medical doctors, and mullahs - all around the Indian Ocean basin, people went about their morning routines. Western tourists on their Christmas holiday flocked to the beaches of Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia, reveling in the warm tropical sun and the blue waters of the sea. Without warning, at 7:58 am, a fault along the seafloor 250 kilometers (155 miles) southeast of Banda Aceh, in the state of Sumatra, Indonesia, suddenly gave way. A magnitude 9.1 underwater earthquake ripped along 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) of the fault, displacing parts of the seabed upward by 20 meters (66 feet), and opening a new rift 10 meters deep (33 feet). This sudden movement released an unimaginable amount of energy - equivalent to approximately 550 million times the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. When the seafloor shot upward, it caused a series of huge ripples in the Indian Ocean - that is, a tsunami. The people closest to the epicenter had some warning about the unfolding catastrophe - after all, they felt the powerful earthquake. However, tsunamis are uncommon in the Indian Ocean, and people had only about 10 minutes to react. There were no tsunami warnings. Around 8:08 am, the sea suddenly drew back from the earthquake-devastated shores of northern Sumatra. Then, a series of four enormous waves crashed ashore, the highest recorded at 24 meters tall (80 feet). Once the waves hit the shallows, in some places the local geography channeled them into even larger monsters, as much as 30 meters (100 feet) tall. The seawater roared inland, scouring large areas of the Indonesian coastline bare of human structures, and carrying away an estimated 168,000 people to their deaths. An hour later, the waves reached Thailand; still unwarned and unaware of the danger, approximately 8,200 people were caught by the tsunami waters, including 2,500 foreign tourists. The waves overran the low-lying Maldive Islands, killing 108 people there, and then raced on to India and Sri Lanka, where an additional 53,000 perished about two hours after the earthquake. The waves were still 12 meters (40 feet) tall. Finally, the tsunami struck the coast of East Africa some seven hours later. Despite the lapse of time, authorities had no way to warn the people of Somalia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. Energy from the quake in far-off Indonesia carried away approximately 300 to 400 people along Africas Indian Ocean coast, the majority in Somalias Puntland region. The Causation of the Casualties Altogether, an estimated 230,000 to 260,000 people died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. The quake itself was third-most powerful since 1900, exceeded only by the Great Chilean Earthquake of 1960 (magnitude 9.5), and the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake in Prince William Sound, Alaska (magnitude 9.2); both of those quakes also produced killer tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean basin. The Indian Ocean tsunami was the most deadly in recorded history. Why did so many people die on December 26, 2004? Dense coastal populations combined with a lack of tsunami-warning infrastructure came together to produce this horrific result. Since tsunamis are much more common in the Pacific, that ocean is ringed with tsunami-warning sirens, ready to respond to information from the tsunami-detection buoys arrayed across the area. Although the Indian Ocean is seismically active, it was not wired for tsunami detection in the same way - despite its heavily-populated and low-lying coastal areas. Perhaps the great majority of the 2004 tsunamis victims could not have been saved by buoys and sirens. After all, by far the largest death toll was in Indonesia, where people had just been shaken by the massive quake and had only minutes to find high ground. Yet more than 60,000 people in other countries could have been saved; they would have had at least an hour to move away from the shoreline - if they had had some warning. In the years since 2004, officials have worked hard to install and improve an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System. Hopefully, this will ensure that the people of the Indian Ocean basin will never again be caught unawares while 100-foot walls of water barrel toward their shores.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Sustainability Report on Recyclable Waste Free Essays

Sustainability Report 1. Introduction This study base on human and environment, focal point on the trash and recycling in Auckland, speaking about the rubbish job formation, current state of affairs, job with apprehension and analysis severally, and above this, some thoughts and suggestions put frontward to sustainability operation. Through the analysis on current state of affairs and countermeasures of trash, in order to alarm people pay great attending to the scientific trash recycling. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability Report on Recyclable Waste or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Background With the rapid development of societal economic system in Auckland, great alterations have taken topographic point in society and the life of occupants, big sum of industrial and commercial merchandises rush into Auckland ingestion market, enter 1000s of families, during populating criterion has been improved at the same clip, waste besides increased twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Only in 2013 waste on norm about 800kg per individual of industrial, commercial and households waste is sent to landfill that is a sum of about 1.2 million dozenss per twelvemonth. Two tierces of this can be recycled or compostedÃ¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€Auckland City council. ( 2013 ) Get your trash Sorted 2013 More than natural environmental self-purification ability, waste accretion and bit by bit evolved into a immense job into populating life, impact and harm occupants wellness. On the other manus the depletion of the Earth Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs resources and natural resources run out, there will necessarily come a twenty-four hours when population outstrips available resources, hence sustainability go more and more of import for our beautiful metropolis. 3. Reclaimable waste Reclaimable waste including paper, metal, plastic, glass, through the recycling, it cut down the pollution, saves the resources. Ã¢â‚¬Å"For every ton of paper recycled can be made of paper for 850 kgs, salvaging 300 kgs forests, 74 % less pollution ; Recycling 1 dozenss of fictile bottle can acquire 0.7 dozenss stuffs, preserves about 7,200 kWh of electricity ; Each 1 dozenss of Fe and steel can be refined as steel 0.9 dozenss, compared with the original cost nest eggs of 47 % , Reduces air pollution by 75 % , cut down H2O pollution and solid waste 97 % .Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€Cactuslab.Zerowaste New Zealand. ( 2014 ) 4. Situation in commercial rubbish recycle Now with rapid development of economic system in Auckland, commercial waste become a of import portion of rubbish recycling, it has particular facts of big sum volume and high recycle frequence and more focussed reclaimable resource. Merely one normal nutrient town in Auckland can direct 300 kilogram waste composition board stopping point to 1 ton of general waste to rubbish cod topographic point every twenty-four hours. However some unsustainable pattern go on in most of commercial rubbish recycle. In Auckland commercial topographic point like nutrient town, fast nutrient shop, warehouse and supermarket they merely collect waste composition board as reclaimable resource and immense figure of other reclaimable resource like paper cups, plastic bottles, glass bottles and Cola tins etc. are treat as general trash, they are compacted with kitchen waste and other waste all together sent to landfill, two tierces of this are reclaimable resource, which is a immense waste. 5. Cause of this pattern The ground of this unsustainable pattern happen is community affect. how community non supplying a right thought of commercial trash recycling, the ground may as below. 5.1. Cardboard is the major reclaimable waste in commercial topographic point. 5.2. Cardboard is easy to roll up and easy to recycle. 5.3. Other reclaimable waste is non every bit much as composition board and difficult to screen. 5.4. Peoples lack of sustainability consciousness. 5.5. Lack of ordinance and attending from metropolis council. 5.6. Community merely provide unlifelike recycle bin, no other bins for other reclaimable resource. Auckland metropolis council concentrating on composition board recycling alternatively of all reclaimable resource affects community pay less attending in commercial trash recycling, this error affects dozenss of reclaimable resource wasted every twenty-four hours. If Auckland metropolis council could beef up direction in this country, the community will be wholly different on recycling reclaimable resource. What authorities is making better on families rubbish recycling There is large difference between families and commercial trash recycle Government is making better in family than commercial rubbish recycle, metropolis council provide bluish bin for reclaimable waste and ruddy bin for general waste and roll up them every hebdomad and completed ordinance system on family rubbish recycle and they will non function you or capital punish if person is making incorrect on rubbish recycling. so people has higher sustainability consciousness, every individual individual is mobilized on sustainability, nevertheless in commercial rubbish recycle, people donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t truly care about it, they may believe it is merely a occupation no demand attention about it or they are excessively busy on working no clip to care about it or it merely says Ã¢â‚¬Å"put composition board in the binÃ¢â‚¬ why should I blow my clip. These are perfectly incorrect thought, because of these incorrect ideas make godforsaken addition twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and dozenss of reclaimable resource wasted. 7. The development to do it more sustainable. 7.1. Laws and ordinances system Complete the Torahs and ordinances on the direction of commercial rubbish recycle system. From basic to state people that it may offence the jurisprudence by wrong rubbish dumped or recycle. 7.2. Economic penalty A sensible economic penalty strength addition will alarm people and besides increase the capital investing on rubbish recycle. 7.3. Waste recycling discriminatory policy To promote Auckland occupants, people get reward to take part in rubbish recycling, rubbish aggregation and disposal work. Realization the mobilisation of every individual individual in Auckland. 7.4. Establish a right rubbish recycle construct sufficiently accurate of promotion helps people understand no affair who you are, where you are, what you do, the right rubbish recycle thought should be along with you. 7.5. Waste minimization Get downing from the beginning of waste, avoid waste coevals, cut down the waste. The Waste Minimisation Act 2008 advocator a decreased waste generate and disposal in New Zealand and aims to cut down injury of waste to the environment. 7.6. the classified aggregation and recycling Detail rubbish categorization, detail the rubbish sorting bins, to roll up more utile reclaimable resource. Ã¢â‚¬Å"In Japan, every town has its ain series of hipster refuse bags for specific classs of rubbish. My town has four ; others have more: Kamikatsu, in Shikoku, has 44.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€by Eryk Salvaggio. ( 2013 ) This Nipponese Life 8. Decision Earth resource is drying up, waste sum is increasing, non merely affects the economical development of Auckland, but besides the whole universe. Reduce and command the waste on the environment pollution is a manner of sustainability that Auckland metropolis must travel. We must better the supervising and direction system, develop more advanced rubbish disposal engineering, walk on the route of sustainability, combine environmental protection and economical development in the coordination, with the governmentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s supervising and strong support and a positive response from Auckland occupants, environment quality can be improved. The relationship between homo and the environment is so close, environment pollution can non be ignored, the rubbish recycling should non be underestimated, waste is a misplaced resource, turn it into hoarded wealth, for our zero waste sustainable universe. 9. Mentions: Auckland City Council. ( 2013 ) Get your trash Sorted 2013. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environmentwaste/rubbishrecycling/Documents/rubbishrecyclingguide2013.pdf Cactuslab. ( 2014 ) Zerowaste New Zealand. ( 2014 ) .Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zerowaste.co.nz/what-is-waste/facts-figures/ Mfe. ( 2013 ) The New Zealand Waste Strategy. ( 2013 ) .Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/waste-strategy/wastestrategy.pdf NZ.GOVT ( 2008 ) Waste Minimisation Act 2008.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2008/0089/latest/DLM999802.html Eryk Salvaggio. ( 2013 ) This Nipponese Life.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //thisjapaneselife.org/2010/08/27/on-sorting-garbage-in-japan- % E5 % B1 % 91 % E9 % 81 % B8 % E5 % 88 % A5/ How to cite Sustainability Report on Recyclable Waste, Essay examples

Thursday, April 30, 2020

Summer Of My German Soldier Essay Paper Example For Students

Summer Of My German Soldier Essay Paper The novel, Summer of My German Soldier, written by Bette Greene is about a young Jewish girl, Patty, who befriends a Nazi soldier. She confides in him because of the lack of parental love in her life. The Nazi soldier shows Patty that she is a person of value and is important in the world. This is something that her parents have never told her. Michael Tuchner, director of the cinematic version of, Summer of My German Soldier, does a fair job of portraying the action in the novel, however some key scenes are not shown thus taking away important facts that the viewer would see. We will write a custom essay on Summer Of My German Soldier Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are many scenes in the movie that are not in the book. There are a few key additions, one of which is, Anton asking Patty for accessories. The accessories are a toothbrush, toothpaste, razor, comb, etc. When he is asking for these things he seems really demanding. In the book he does not appear to be this way. Another addition is, towards the end of the movie, PattyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s father comes into her room and tells her that she is a bad person and is dead to him. He also tells her that she has always hated him, and in a way this compares to the scene in the book where he goes into the garage and yells Ã¢â‚¬Å"nobody loves me, nobody loves me!Ã¢â‚¬ . The scene in which Ruth walks through the town with Patty is another key addition. It shows that she is confident in herself and that she is not afraid of the prejudice of the white people. This scene closely compares to the scene in the book where Ruth orders the white guards in the juvenile detention center to fetch PattyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Chr istmas bag. There are many scenes in the book that do not take place in the movie. The most apparent deletion is of the scenes dealing with the grandparents. In the movie PattyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s grandparents are never mentioned; in the book they play a major role in her life. In the beginning of the book, before Patty meets Anton, her grandparents are all she has. Unlike her parents, they treat her like a person. Also at the end of the book they keep her before she has to go to the juvenile detention center. The movie does not show any of that. Another deletion that occurs is PattyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s punishment for housing the Nazi. In the book she is sent to the juvenile detention center as a punishment. In the movie all that is said is that she will be getting a lawyer to help fight for her. Many of the interactions between Patty and her father are not shown in the movie. In the book Mr. Bergen beats Patty numerous times; in the movie Mr. Bergen only beats her once. Instead of beating her, he only y ells violently at her. This is probably done to keep the rating of the movie minimal. Also, when Patty goes out to see Anton during the night, in the book her father catches her in the kitchen; in the movie she sneaks out via the window and is not caught. A few scenes had the same outcome between the movie and book, but the way in which they were done is different. One major example of this is the scenes that involve AntonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s leaving. In the book, it is at night and it is long and dramatic. They also kiss right before he runs into the night. In the movie, it is during the day and very abrupt. The FBI comes to the BergenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s house to search for the Nazi. Anton is forced to leave because he does not want to be found. They do not kiss in the movie, but Anton does give Patty a kiss on the forehead before he leaves. Another example of the changes which take place are the bookÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s and movieÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s version of the stone throwing episode. In the book Patty goes out to look for the people whose window she broke to pay them back with RuthÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s money. She gets to her fatherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s store and sees that the car is there. Her dad gets to her before she can get to them and he beats her without even listening to what she has to say. In the movie Patty gets the money from Ruth and starts to leave. She does not even get out of the house before her dad walks in and starts to yell at her. She tries to tell him that she is going to pay them for the window but he just covers her mouth and yells. During the movie many things take place in different times for which they took place in the book. In the movie Anton escapes during the first part; in the book Anton doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t escape until more than halfway through. Also in the book, the preachersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ wife complains to Ms. Bergen about how Ruth got all of the hamburger before she could. She tells Ms. Bergen to fire Ruth, but Ms. Bergen refuses to. This scene takes place in the first couple of scenes of the boo k. In the movie that episode does not happen until almost the end of the movie. This may be like this to foretell what is to happen to Ruth in the future. Cinematic techniques were used wisely in the movie. The costuming is very good. Freddy could definitely be seen as a poor boy, Ruth definitely looked like a house worker, Sharon had the image of a little prissy girl, and Patty was definitely given the image a girl who is treated like trash by her parents. The setting in the movie does not at all differ from the book. The conflict in the movie is also the same as the books. In conclusion, the movie and the book have the same intentions only some scenes are either added, detracted, changed, or rearranged. I would recommend this movie to the study of the novel only the reader needs to keep in mind that there are differences between the two things. They present the same idea but some things are just done differently. .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .postImageUrl , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:hover , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:visited , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:active { border:0!important; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:active , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Satire and Humor In Chaucer8217s Canterbury Ta EssayBook Reports

Saturday, March 21, 2020

10 Facts for a Dissertation on Business Law

10 Facts for a Dissertation on Business Law Writing a dissertation on business law does not fall within the purview of law students alone. Students studying business administration, commerce, and other financial based disciplines may also find themselves tasked with writing on this broad subject matter. Therefore, if you received a task to write on business law, do not fret for we intend to provide you with enough information and direction on writing a dissertation on this matter. To get this done, we will be making use of three articles which are all part of a series geared towards providing students with enough information to write a dissertation. The first- which you are about to read- will provide 10 salient facts you can use in your dissertation. 10 Significant Facts for a Dissertation on Business Law The law of contract is fundamental to business transactions. Although legislature guides the formation of a company, the law of contract plays a more important role in organizations business dealings. Contract law determines how the shareholders, employees, and employers of an organization conduct business. This law also forms the major frameworks according to which business organizations carry out transactions with external entities. A contract must not be a signed agreement. Contrary to popular beliefs, contracts do not come into effect only when both parties sign the dotted lines. The laws of business state that spoken or written agreements via the phone, e-mails or even social media can be taken as a legally binding contract as long as certain conditions are met. The conditions to be met include: an agreement between both parties on mutual obligations and a remuneration. A regular lease is different from a commercial lease. Businesses looking for property to lease have two options: a commercial lease or a regular lease. Commercial leases put more power in the hands of the owner rather than the business. Taking out a commercial lease means the property owner decides on payment schedules, maintenance and how one can actually use the property commercially. Regular leases give businesses more opportunity and control over how they go about their business in the leased property. A directorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s guarantee in terms of leasing is not normal. When conducting business transactions, providing a directorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s guarantee for making large purchases, taking out a lease or a loan for the same purposes is illegal. Business law states that providing a directorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s guarantee means that you or the director has staked his personal assets against that transaction. It also means the transacting party does not believe in or trusts the businessÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s liquidity or capacity to payback. Copyright and trademark are different entities in business Law. These entities are backed by the different legislature and business laws. Copyright generally refers to creative work, while trademarks are the peculiar thing that differentiates your product or services from that of the competition. Under contract law, a copyrighted object or subject is not protected under trademark legislations. That is why both entities fall into totally different categories in relation to intellectual property theft. Online and offline advertising are both guided by business law. Contrary to popular beliefs, online advertising is also guided by the same legislature outlawing trademark infringements and the like. The Australian Consumer and Competition Law is just one example of business laws that regulate how business conduct advertising campaigns online. Infringing on established offline or online trademarks lead to consequences and retributions backed by law. A termination agreement is important in contract law. According to business law, a termination agreement between an employer and an employee provides certain guarantees. It is nothing more than legal documentation stating that a contract has ended as well as the terms associated with that ending as specified during the time of employment. This agreement protects both parties. The employee is protected from wrongful termination and the employer is safe in terms of the future lawsuits stemming from perceived wrongdoings from the employeeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s perspective. A personal will and a business will are different entities. Under business law, in most cases, a personal will dictating oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s choice on arranging his or her affairs is not enough. This is because business transactions are run through multiple contracts and agreements. Therefore, it is expected under business law that entrepreneurs create separate wills to handle different affairs adroitly. It is important to note that the business will is also a binding contract between all parties involved and it is backed by its own legislation. In the US commercial law is enforced by Congress and state governmental entities. Business law is the province of the US Congress that regulates the commercial and individual legislation in use. Some of these regulations might be adjusted in terms of the local legal acts, but most of them should be used strictly according to the federal law. A general law known as the Uniform Commercial Code has also been adopted with minor changes or modifications by the 50 states in the US. This means that although legislations may differ in certain cases, a contract breaches can be handled through a uniform format regardless of a businessÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s location in the US. Contract law does not exclude contracted parties from liability to negligence. Business law takes a hard stance on liability for negligence that leads to employee death. According to business law, no party taking part in a contractual agreement can escape liability due to negligence by pointing out terms and conditions included in a contract. Therefore, putting such clauses exempting a business from liability due to negligence will not be upheld in any court. Legislators might however divide the responsibility among parties if an incident to the negligence took place. Here we come to the end of the first article on the series covering business law and writing a dissertation on it. These facts are intended to provide a direction to students and give them the overall understanding of the subject matter. Other materials and tutorials for further reading are also available. We recommend that you go through the article on 20 business law dissertation topics when choosing your topic and read-up on how to write a stellar dissertation on business law when developing a structure for your entire academic writing project. References: Hutter, B. (2011). Understanding the New Regulatory Governance: Business Perspectives. Law Policy, 33(4), pp.459-476. Zwarenstyn, H. (2007). The Importance To The Businessman Of Understanding International Law. American Business Law Journal, 1(1), pp.60-63. Mntysaari, P. (2010). Commercial Law and the Theory of Management-Based Commercial Law. SSRN Electronic Journal. Rojas Elgueta, G. (2013). Understanding Discovery in International Commercial Arbitration through Behavioral Law and Economics: A Journey inside the Minds of Parties and Arbitrators. Taekema, S. (2014). Private Law as an Open Legal Order: Understanding Contract and Tort as Interactional Law. Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, 43(2). Oliveira, N. (2009). The Private Law Society and Contract Law Application. European Review of Contract Law, 5(1). Lurger, B. (2005). The Future of European Contract Law between Freedom of Contract, Social Justice, and Market Rationality. European Review of Contract Law, 1(4).

10 Facts for a Dissertation on Business Law

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

Chemical Element Facts

Chemical Element Facts A chemical element is a form of matter that cant be broken into smaller pieces by any chemical reaction. Essentially, this means elements are like different building blocks used to construct matter.Ã‚ At present, every element in theÃ‚ periodic tableÃ‚ has been discovered or createdÃ‚ in a lab. There are 118 known elements. If another element, with a higher atomic number (more protons) is discovered, another row will need to be added to the periodic table. Elements and Atoms A sample of a pure element consists of one type of atom, which means each atom contains the same number of protons as every other atom in the specimen. The number of electrons in each atom can vary (different ions), as can the number of neutrons (different isotopes). Two samples of the exact same element may look completely different and exhibit different chemical and physical properties. This is because the atoms of the element can bond and stack in multiple ways, forming what are called allotropes of an element. Two examples of allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite. The Heaviest Element The heaviest element, in terms of mass per atom, is element 118. However, the heaviest element in terms of density is either osmium (theoreticallyÃ‚ 22.61 g/cm3) or iridium (theoreticallyÃ‚ 22.65 g/cm3). Under experimental conditions, osmium is almost always more dense than iridium, but the values are so close and dependent on so many factors, it really makes no difference. Both osmium and iridium are about two times heavier than lead! The Most Abundant Elements The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen, accounting for about 3/4 of the ordinary matter scientists have observed. The most abundant element in the human body is oxygen, in terms of mass, or hydrogen, in terms of atoms of an element present in the highest quantity. The Most Electronegative Element Fluorine is best at attracting an electron to form a chemical bond, so it readily forms compounds and participates in chemical reactions. This makes it the most electronegative element.Ã‚ At the opposite end of the scale is the most electropositive element, which is the one with the lowest electronegativity. This is the element francium, which does not attract bonding electrons. Like fluorine, the element is extremely reactive, too, because compounds most readily form between atoms that have different electronegativity values. The Most Expensive Elements Its difficult to name the most expensive element because any of the elements from francium and higher atomic number (the transuranium elements) decay so quickly they cant be collected to be sold. These elements are unimaginably expensive because they are produced in a nuclear laboratory or reactor. The most expensive natural element you could actually buy would probably be lutetium, which would runÃ‚ around $10,000 for 100 grams. Conductive and Radioactive Elements Conductive elements transfer heat and electricity. Most metals are excellent conductors, however, the most conductive metals are silver, followed by copper and gold. Radioactive elementsÃ‚ release energy and particles via radioactive decay. Its hard to say which element is the most radioactive, as all elements higher than atomic number 84 are unstable. The highest measured radioactivity comes from the element polonium. Just one milligram of polonium emits as many alpha particles as 5 grams of radium, another highly radioactive element. Metallic Elements The most metallic element is the one which displays traits of metals to the highest extent. These include the ability to be reduced in a chemical reaction, the capacity to form chlorides and oxides, and the ability to displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Francium is technically the most metallic element, but since there are only a few atoms of it on Earth at any given time, cesium deserves the title.

Monday, February 17, 2020

Cost and value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cost and value - Essay Example t project, a joint venture between an NGO and the private sector, presents an excellent example of how long-term benefits can be achieved by enhancing the overall value to all stakeholders. This paper analyzes the cost and value management processes in this project. Cost and value are both important concepts that need to be considered and controlled in any project, taking an integrated view. (Venkataraman & Pinto, 2008, pp.2-3) In order understand why this is so, and to appreciate the relationship between the two, it is necessary to first recount certain basic principles. Cost Management, at the project level, is concerned with cost estimation, budgeting and cost control at the implementation phase, and the revenue streams resulting from the pricing policy and volumes, the cost of capital, and the input costs at the post implementation phase. Value management is concerned with the maximization of the value created by the project within the constraints of cost, time and other resources. On an ongoing basis, the appraisal of projects on the basis of value crated should consider the direct and indirect returns flowing form the project that create value. The aim of value management is to ensure that the total value accruing to all stakeholders is maximized. It should be remembered that the concept of value will differ from one stakeholder to the other. Cost and value management need to be integrated in order to obtain optimum results. We can define value as the benefits accruing to various stakeholders. According to Venkataraman & Pinto (2008), value is Ã¢â‚¬Å"meeting or exceeding the expectations of project stakeholders.Ã¢â‚¬ In financial management, value addition is the difference between the net revenue generated and the cost of capital. Although financial management perspective is traditionally limited to that of the shareholder, current thinking in strategic management favours the inclusion of perspectives other than that of the financial returns alone. From this

Monday, February 3, 2020

One-way analysis of variance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One-way analysis of variance - Assignment Example Basically, the basis of one-way ANOVA is to partition the sum of squares within and between classes. This method enables effective comparison of different classes simultaneously assuming the data is normally distributed. One way ANOVA is determined in three critical steps starting with obtaining squares for all classes of data. The degree of freedom, which is the total number of independent data that is considered to estimate a parameter, is also determined. Estimating degrees of freedom later on becomes effective in analysing null hypothesis. According to null hypothesis, the mean of classes under consideration is taken to be the same meaning that the variation within and between classes is not significantly different if not identical. This paper applies one-way ANOVA to analyze data for three categories of doctors. To analyse the variance, one-way ANOVA helps to establish the mean of individual groups, known as the treatment mean. Further, the grand mean, which is the mean for the entire data, is also computed. A scatter diagram (data on appendix) No. of years in NHS only (x-axis) Perform a one-way analysis of variance, recording all your interim calculations. Treatment mean for the three groups is: NHS only-11.25, private practice only-25.33 and both NHS and private practice-21.92. Grand mean= (11.25+25.33+21.92)/3 = 19.5 Estimate the treatment effects of the three groups. =11.25-19.5=-8.25 =25.33-19.5=5.83 =21.92-19.5=2.42 The researcher should then compute one-way ANOVA to determine whether the differences in effects are significant. To determine the variance, the following formula is used: One-way ANOVA, MS Total = MS Total/ (J-1) = (SS Within +SS between)/ (N-1) MS within estimates variability within a group, it is also known as SS residue or SS error. N is Degree of Freedom (D.F) calculated as; N-1, where N is the total number of observation within individual group. MS within= SS within/ D.F (N-1) On the other hand, MS between estimates variability betw een the groups, it is also known as SS explained since it shows variability explained by group membership. J is Degrees of Freedom (D.F) calculated as; J-1, where J is the total number of observations in all groups. MS between= SS between/ D.F (J-1) Ti=135, Tii=304, Tiii=263 (i) (?y) ^2 =702^2 = 13,689 N 36 (ii) ?Y^2= 12^2++27^2+1^2....+37^2= 19,578 (iii) ?Ti^2 = 135^2+ 304^2+ 263^2 = 1,518.75 +7,701.33+5,764.08 = 14,984.16 N 12 12 12 SS Within= 19,578-14,984.16 = 4,593.84 SS Between=14,984.16- 13,689 =1,295.16 SS Total= 19,578- 13,689= 5,889 Therefore: MS Total= SS Total/ (N-1) =5,889/36 =163.58 MS Between= SS Between/ (J-1) =1,295.16/2= 647.58 MS Within= SS Within/ (N-1) =4,593.84/ (36-3) =139.2 Source SS D.F Mean Square F Treatment SS Between= 1,295.16 J-1=2 SS Between/(J-1) =647.58 = MS Between MS Within = 4.7 Error SS Within= 4,593.84 N-J=33 SS Within/(N-1) =139.2 Total SS Total= 5,889 N-1=35 SS Total/(N-1) =168.26 Step1: Ho= ?= ?= ?, that is, treatments are equally effective S tep2: An F statistic is appropriate measure, since the dependent variable is continuous and there are more than one group. Step 3: Since ? = 0.05 and D.F= 2, 33, accept Ho if F2, 33 < 19.4 Step4: The computed value of F-statistic is 4.7 Step 5: Accept H0. The treatments are equally effective. Explain what your results mean in a way that a non-statistician could understand. As mentioned above, one-way ANOVA seeks to compare two or more classes of data in order to determine if

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Indian National Satellite System Information Technology Essay

Indian National Satellite System Information Technology Essay Our region is unlikely to achieve a degree of stability in the near future. Practically speaking, there will always be social, political and economic turmoil, at least for some time to come. Such a situation remains conducive to all forms of unrest and violence. The natural implication is that there would always be unforeseen emergent situations. I think that aerospace power is the only instrument that possesses the required speed and flexibility, when military intervention would be required. Air Chief Marshall FH MajorÃ‚ [1]Ã‚ 1. It is the capacity of getting others to do what we want, without coercing them because they will then admire our achievements and emulate us. Indias space programme needs to be viewed as the most thus. It is an important factor that has contributed immensely towards giving India its soft power status. India chose space to address the real problems of society and took initiative to develop space technology for the benefit of the nation and the common man, contrary to the path of countries like Soviet Union, US, China and European Union who developed space capabilities having origin in strategic and military domain. Today, India has a robust and self reliant space infrastructure and technological prowess with capability to design and build satellites for providing space services and to launch them using indigenously designed and develop launch vehicles. India has been able to achieve the present capability encompassing IRS, INSAT, PSLV, GSLV and mission to moon in just about forty y ears. The progress, present capability and future plans of ISRO are discussed briefly in succeeding paragraphs. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) System 2. India established National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) in late 1970s under Department of Space (DOS) with an aim to develop indigenous remote sensing satellite system. The major elements of NNMRS encompass conceptualization and implementation of space segments with the necessary ground based data reception, processing and interpretation systems integrating the satellite based remotely sensed data with conventional data for resource management applications. Starting with IRS-1A in March 1988, there are eight remote sensing satellites in operation at present. The details of these satellites are tabulated below. Table 1: Details of Operational IRS Satellite Satellite IRS-1D Ocean sat-1and 2 TES Resource sat-1 Cartosat-1 Cartosat-2 Cartosat-2A,2B IMS-1 Launched in 1997 1999, Sep 09 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008. Jul 10 2008 Vehicle PSLV-C1 PSLV-C2 PSLV-C3 PSL-C5 PSLV-C6 PSLV-C7 PSLV-C9 PSLV-C9 Payload PAN, LISS-III, WIFS Res 5.8m OCM, MSMR PAN Res 1m LISS4, LISS3, MSC Res 5.8m Two PAN Cameras Res 2.5m Two steerable Cameras Res 80cm PAN Res 70cm MSC Res 37m, HySI Res 506m 3. The data from IRS satellites is utilised for applications including land use/ cover mapping, crop acreage and production estimate, wasteland mapping, forest cover mapping, wetland mapping, coastal zone regulation mapping etc. The TES and CARTOSAT series satellites have limited military applications as well with high resolution imagery. 4. The future programmes involve land and water resources series, Resourcesat-2 and 3, Imaging radar application through RISAT-1, DM SAR-1, RISAT-3 and RISAT-4L, Ocean biology and sea state application through Oceansat-2 and 3, cadastral and infrastructure mapping and analysis through Cartosat-3 and 4, TES-HYS and HyS-OP with hyperspectral sensors for application in forestry, agriculture, coatal zone and inland waters, soil and mineral/ rock mapping etc.Ã‚ [2]Ã‚ Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) 5. INSAT co-ordination Committee (ISS) was created as an apex body to address the development of Space Communication, Broadcasting and Meteorology and planning their utilization to meet the social needs of India. Due to the non-availability of appropriate launch vehicle for placing a satellite in Geostationary orbit, the INSAT series of satellites had been launched by commercially available launch vehicles till 2001 when India tested GSLV. With 211 transponders onboard 11 active INSAT series satellites, it is the largest domestic satellite communication infrastructure in Asia. It is used for variety of applications such as telecommunication, broadcasting, meteorology and search rescue. The details of operational INSAT satellites are tabulated below. Table2: Details of Operational INSAT Satellites Satellite Launch Vehicle Weight in Kg Payload INSAT-1E 1999 Ariane-4 2550 17 C band transponder, VHRR with 2 km and CCD with 1 km resolution INSAT-3B 2000 Ariane-5 2070 12 C Band and 3 Ku band transponder. S Band mobile satellite service payloads. INSAT-3C 2002 Ariane-5 2750 30 C band and 2 S Band transponder. KALPANA-1 2002 PSLV-C4 1060 Exclusive weather satellite with VHRR and data relay transponder. INSAT-3A 2003 Ariane-5 2950 18 C band, 6 Ku Band transponders. VHRR with 2 km resolution and CCD camera with 1 km resolution. Dedicated transponder for satellite aided search and rescue. GSAT-2 2003 GSLV-D2 2000 4 C Band, 2 Ku Band transponder. Other experimental payloads. INSAT-3E 2003 Ariane-5 2750 36 C Band transponder. EDUSAT 2004 Ariane-5 1950 6 Ku Band, 6 C band transponder. 1 Ku Band beacon to help ground users for accurate antenna pointing and uplink power control. INSAT-4A 2005 Ariane-5 3100 12 C Band, 12 Ku Band transponder for DTH, broadcasting and other community services. INSAT-4B 2007 Ariane-5 3025 12 C Band, 12 Ku Band transponder for DTH, broadcasting and other community services. INSAT-4CR 2007 GSLV-F04 2130 12 Ku Band transponder and 1 KU Band beacon for tracking the satellite. Provides DTH, video picture transmission and digital signal gathering services. 6. With increased demand on bandwidth due to services like 3G, HD TV, Wi-FI and Wi-Max systems, more number of transponders are required which would mean more INSAT satellites. ISRO has been launching INSAT satellites in 2 Ton class which would have to be enhanced to 5-6 Tons. The launch of such satellites would be limited by the present capability of GSLV which is about 4 Ton for GSLV MK-3. ISRO intends to enhance the transponders to 500 by 2012 under 11th plan.Ã‚ [3]Ã‚ Satellite Launch Vehicles 7. Unlike the US, USSR and China, Indias launch vehicle development has been strictly a civilian programme like Japan and EU. Under the aegis of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, India developed the first indigenous launch vehicle SLV (four stage rocket with solid propellant) with the object of placing a 40 Kg satellite into 400 km orbit. Three launches were carried out during early eighties carrying Rohini satellites, two of them being successful. With the expertise gained, ISRO expanded it a PSLV programme was initiated. ASLV (five stage solid propellant) programme was also undertaken simultaneously as a low cost intermediate vehicle for trying critical technologies such as strap-on booster and new guidance system required for PSLV. The payload capability was thus enhanced to 150 Kg. 8. With the success of ASLV, work further progressed on PSLV (four stage rocket alternately solid and liquid propellant stage with six strap on boosters), which was basically meant to be able to place a 1000 Kg IRS series satellite in sun synchronous polar orbit. With continuous upgrades the payload capacity has been increasing (1600 Kg now), 12 out of 14 launches have been successful including the launch of Chandrayan-1. ISRO is further developing PSLV-HP with 2000 Kg payload capacity, which would be used to launch seven navigational satellites.Ã‚ [4]Ã‚ 9. GSLV programme was started in 1990 to end Indias dependence on the former Soviet Union for launch of heavy satellites. Essentially, to be able to launch a satellite to geostationary orbit, a cryogenic engine rocket stage is required in addition to the liquid propellant stage and solid propellant stage. Indias GSLV programme encountered a roadblock when the technology of cryogenic engine was denied to ISRO in the name of MTCR, stating that the same technology can be used for ICBM. ISRO did get access to the cryogenic engines from Russia without the technology and finally was able to successfully use it in 2001 when GSAT-1 was placed in geostationary orbit on board the first indigenously developed GSLV. Since then several successful launches of GSLV have been conducted placing GSAT-2, EDUSAT and INSAT-4CR in to orbit. 10. With this capability India has achieved the full complement of capabilities needed for the country in space infrastructure creation, including the scientific satellites in near earth orbit, the IRS in polar orbit and INSAT in geostationary orbit. Meanwhile ISRO continues to develop indigenous cryogenic engine and finally in 2007 completed the successful ground trials of the fully indigenous cryogenic engine. The research is further on to develop GSLV MK-3 capable of launching 4400 Kg initially and stepping it up to 6000 Kg.Ã‚ [5]Ã‚ Other Developmental Programme 11. Chandrayaan. India became the fifth nation to launch a moon orbiter after US, Russia, EU, Japan and China in 2008. The launch of Chandrayaan-1 onboard the core alone configuration of PSLV-C11 demonstrates the technological capability of ISRO. The most significant success among many is the fact that compared to Chinese and Japanese moon missions launched in 2007, Indias mission costed only half and one fifth respectively, while beaming far better pictures of moon compared to their missions. Another mission to moon Chandrayaan-2 with a land-rover with robotic instruments is planned to be launched in 2011. A manned mission to moon is likely to be planned by the end of next decade.Ã‚ [6]Ã‚ 12. Satellite Navigation. India has felt the need for an independent navigation system after being dependent on US GPS and the Russian GLONASS for long. A two pronged strategy of developing a wide area GPS augmentation system (GAGAN) and a regional system known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) has been started. GAGAN is conceived by ISRO and Airport Authority of India to aid civil air traffic in India to enable precise landing. In effect, GAGAN will augment the capabilities of GPS by enhancing the accuracy and reliability presently provided by GPS. Compared to the existing accuracy of 30 m at 50 bits/ sec, accuracy of 6-8 m at 500 bits/ sec would be available. This would be possible with three geostationary satellites having dual frequency GAGAN payload. The final system acceptance has already been done in 2007. The IRNSS project as a fully indigenous effort was started in 2006. It would have seven satellites and would give 2 m accuracy, all weather 24 hour operation over India and the region extending to about 1500-2000 km around it.Ã‚ [7]Ã‚ 13. Bhuvan. With the capability of excellent imagery, ISRO has planned an Indianised version of Google maps. It would provide a zoom up to 10 m compared to 200 m available through Google Earth. Incorporation of GPS into the online tool is also planned with yearly image up date.Ã‚ [8]Ã‚ 14. Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE). The objective of SRE is to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting capsule back to earth. With successful recovery of SRE-1 from Bay of Bengal, which was launched on board PSLV-C7 in Jan 2007 certain critical technologies such as reusable thermal protection system, deceleration and floating system, reentry control and propulsion system, space qualified parachute system, locating aids etc. were tested. It is major milestone in Indias Space Programme. A fully operational recovery capsule will pave the way for indigenous manned flights by India.Ã‚ [9]Ã‚ 15. Space Situational Awareness. The ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore provides situational awareness and tracking of LEO satellites as well as launch vehicle missions. ISTRAC has its headquarters at Bangalore with network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Sriharikota, Port Blair and Thiruvanantpuram in India besides stations at Mauritius, Bearslake (Russia), Brunei and Biak (Indonesia). The Master Control Facility (MCF) of ISRO is at Hassan (Karnataka) and Bhopal (MP) which monitors and controls all GEO satellites. The operations involve continuous tracking, telemetry and commanding, special operations like eclipse management, station keeping manoevres and recovery etc. In addition for Chandrayaan mission, Indian Deep Space Tracking Network (DSTN) is established at Bangalore. It is likely to enhance Indias space situational awareness which would be required especially in the light of Chinas ASAT and micro-satellite capability.Ã‚ [10]Ã‚ 16. Indias Ballistic Missile Program. The Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defense system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks. Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan, it is a double-tiered system consisting of two interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometers away. PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an Anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia and Israel. On March 6, 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defense shield, during which an incoming enemy missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 km. Development of the anti-ballistic missile system began in 1999. Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include Bharat Electronics Ltd and Bharat Dynamics Ltd, Astra Microwave, ASL, Larsen Toubro, Vem Technologies Private Limited and Kel Tech. Development of the LRTR and MFCR (Multi-function Fire Control Radar) was led by Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE). Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. Research Centre, Imarat (RCI) developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and the active radar seeker. Advanced System Laboratory (ASL) provided the motors, jet vanes and structures for the AAD and PAD. High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) supplied the propellants for the missile. 18. Swordfish is the indigenous target acquisition and fire control radar for the BMD system. The LRTR currently has a range of 600 km (370 mi) to 800 km (500 mi) and can spot objects as small as a cricket ball. The DRDO plans to upgrade the capacity of Swordfish to 1,500 km by 2011. Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBM/ICBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with a range of around 5,000 km (3,100 mi). The test trials of these two systems are expected to take place in 2011. The new missile will be similar to the THAAD missile deployed by the U.S.A. These missiles will travel at hypersonic speeds and will require radars with scan capability of over 1,500 km (930 mi) to successfully intercept the target. 19. India is also planning to develop a laser based weapon system as part of its defense to intercept and destroy missiles soon after they are launched towards the country. DRDOs Air Defence Programme Director V. K. Saraswat says that its ideal to destroy a ballistic missile carrying nuclear or conventional warheads in its boost phase. Saraswat further added that it will take another 10-15 years for the premier defence research institute to make it usable on the ground. In 2009, reports emerged of a new missile named the PDV. The PDV is said to be a two solid stage hypersonic anti-ballistic missile similar in class to the THAAD. The PDV is intended to replace the existing PAD in the PAD/AAD combination. It will have an IIR seeker for its kill vehicle as well. The PDV will replace the PAD with a far more capable missile and will complete the Phase 1 of the BMD system, allowing it to be operational by 2013. Phase 2 development will take over for protection against missiles of the 5,000 km (3,100 mi) range class. The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above 150 km (93 mi). Buoyed by recent successes DRDO is accelerating the pace of development of the BMD. Finally, with all the previous failures acting as a stepping stone and learning valuables lessons from them, Indias technological prowess has come to the fore and this gives a new confidence and boost to other projects hanging in limbo and some of them can incorporate the technologies developed for this project.Ã‚ [11]Ã‚ 20. Indias Dedicated Military Satellite Program. DRDO Chief Saraswats stated in Oct 2010 about Indias decision not to be coy about its military satellite program. The shift in policy probably stems from the knowledge that its military satellite program will not attract US sanctions against ISRO as would have happened in the past. We are looking at launching one or two satellites every year to fulfill the requirements of all three military formations, Saraswat said. Once these satellites are operational, we will be able to see troop movements along the borders. The key requirement is high-resolution images with precision. The army, the navy and the air force have varied requirements, and it wont be appropriate to give the exact numbers. Data and commands can be sent through these satellites to cruise missiles. he added. 21. The satellites will be developed and launched by ISRO based on requirements projected by the armed forces. Some of the latest developments are as under:- Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (CCI-Sat). The satellite is being developed with a budget of Rs 100 crore by theDefense Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL) under the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). The existence of the project was revealed in February 2010 by DLRL director G. Bhoopathy. We are in the process of designing and developing a spacecraft fitted with an intelligent sensor that will pick up conversations and communications across the borders, he told reporters in Bangalore before the start of the first international conference on electronic warfare (EWCI 2010).The satellite will feature a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and be used for imaging and communication. It will be capable of detecting conversations and espionage activities in the region.The satellite will be launched in the lower earth orbit about 500 km above the earth on board the polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV).The satellite, which will be operational by 2014, will als o serve as a test bed for anti-satellite weapon development.Ã‚ [12]Ã‚ Navy Satellite. A dedicated satellite to facilitating Naval communication and network centric warfare will be launched into geostationary orbit by ISRO in 2010, Indian Defense Minister, AK Antony announced during Senior Naval Officers Conference in New Delhi on October 22, 2009. The satellite will facilitate networking of IN warships, submarines and aircraft among themselves as well as with operational centres ashore through high-speed data-links, allowing Maritime threats to be detected and shared in real-time to ensure swift reaction. The multi-band satellite will weigh 2,330 kg. (5,137 lb.). The satellite will provide coverage over a 600 x 1,000 nm area of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), which India considers to be its primary area of responsibility in terms of maritime security. The project cost is Rs 950 crore. IAF Satellite. The first dedicated IAF satellite is scheduled for launch in FY 2011-12, after the Navy satellite scheduled for launch in FY 2010-11.The satellite will serve as the air forces eye in the skies. It will link up the six AWACS, that the IAF plans acquiring, with each other as well as other ground and air-based radars. CONCLUSION 17. For many in India, militarisation and weaponisation are synonymous and, hence, one can attribute the present state of Indian militarisation of space to this fact. Reacting to the need of the Indian Air Force (IAF) for an Aerospace Command likely to be set up at Akkulam, in Tiruvanathapuram, the then External Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, stated at the inauguration of the international seminar hosted by the IAF as part of its Platinum Jubilee celebrations on February 5, 2007, There is merit in asking for the creation of separate institutions to oversee the assets that take warfare into space it does not mean that India will go back on international commitments and weaponise space-based assets. Recent developments have shown that we are treading a thin line between current defence related uses of space and its actual weaponisation. While the reaction of the former defence minister underscores the fine line separating the issue of militarisation and weaponisation, the same can not be said of the Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Madhavan Nair. Reacting to the Chinese ASAT test of January 11, 2007, and on the possibility of India doing an encore, he said the country was against militarising space. 18. These statements only underline the fact that there is still a lot of ground to be covered in India on dispelling the myth about militarization and weaponisation being synonymous. However, for the world at large, the common understanding has been that weaponisation is a sub-set of militarisation and there is but a subtle difference between the two. If one envisions a continuum running from space systems being used for civil purposes to satellites providing services to support terrestrial military operations to satellites being integral parts of terrestrial weapon systems, to weapons themselves being deployed in space, weaponisation occurs when the upper range of the spectrum is reached. At its most extreme, space weaponisation would include the deployment in quantity of a full range of space weapons, including satellite-based systems for ballistic missile defence (BMD), space based anti-satellite weapons (ASATs), and a variety of space-to-earth weapons (STEW), and these would pla y a central role in any type of military operation.Ã‚ [13]Ã‚ 19. There are some 500 operating satellites of various types orbiting the Earth at present. While most communication and military satellites for early warning are in geostationary orbits, there are several satellites in low and medium orbit. Most prominent amongst them is the International Space Station (ISS) (340 km). The use of satellites for the enhancement of security and defence has become ubiquitous, and India is no exception. As an emerging space power with wide-ranging strategic interests, and with a military establishment undergoing large-scale modernisation in order to meet the security challenges of the 21st century, Indias reliance on space systems for its security and defence needs is gradually set to increase. 20. With budding strategic and economic ties with Europe, Russia and the United States, India is well placed to leverage international efforts in a number of aspects of space security and defence. This will not only facilitate meeting its own growing requirements, but will also establish long-term and mutually advantageous programmes with its allies. The environment is absolutely ripe for international policy and industrial collaboration with India at the hub of all activity. 21. Space-based technologies play an increasingly critical role in the maintenance and development of national and international infrastructures. With the benefits of the widespread application of peaceful outer space technology, comes the urgent need for the international community to understand, communicate and cooperatively regulate activities in the outer space. Potential dangers such as the dissemination of dual use technologies, the shift from the militarization of space to the weaponization of space, and the growing problem of space debris are threatening to undermine security in outer space as well as prospects for its peaceful use by humanity as a whole. More than 130 States have interests at stake either as space-faring nations or indirectly benefiting from the use of commercial satellites. There is an international consensus on the general principle of the importance and urgency of preventing an arms race in outer space, as shown by the regular adoption by the UN General A ssembly, without any negative vote, of a number of resolutions since 1990. However, there has been a lack of political and diplomatic action, whereas existing frameworks such as the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1979 Moon Agreement are insufficient for dealing with the challenges that we now foresee. Today, the Space Issue has become an integral part of the Global Security discourse. Almost every country is concerned about certain developments that are taking place in this field as any kind of offensive technological Development can make space security for every nation or for most of them vulnerable. Space Security being a universal issue, it is necessary that there should be an international understanding and cooperation. One can say that the use of Space has become almost indispensable for the world community. It has to be noted that in the civilian arena, the space market is emerging as a big player with lots of scope for business. That is something good for the world economy , the sole threat to it being weaponisation of space. 22. The Anti-Satellite Test (ASAT) by China on 11 January 2007 for instance, in which it shot one of its own satellites to demonstrate its anti-satellite capability. It was an act reminiscent of the 1960s James Bonds films in which disgruntled Chinese Generals destroy satellites by the US and Russia towards world dominance. The facts are still far from that fiction but the ASAT demonstration nonetheless sent shivers in various world capitals. The old Chinese satellite was monitoring weather since 10 May 1999, and its destruction created hundreds of shrapnel, of varying sizes, that are now also orbiting the earth and posing tremendous dangers to satellites. That this kind of technology has existed is known. But its demonstration has brought the issueof weaponization of space to the forefront and has shown that what a country, with destructive technological superiority, can do in Space. Can a country with ASAT technology render the defence mechanisms of other countries almost helpless? Perhaps yes. Can the consequences mean some kind of space war, with its debris literally falling on earth? The answer to that also is perhaps yes. The Chinese test was unanimously criticized as a threat to peace by all the participants, a clear indication of the world communitys desire for peace in the space. Considering all these aspects the need for a focused attention on the various aspects of the Space Security is not far -fetched. 23. There is a need for space faring nations to put their efforts together to launch time-bound, financially-shared programmers to take up societal missions on a large scale, pooling their capabilities in launch vehicles, spacecraft and applications. Such major cooperation itself will act a great measure towards space security, benefiting all without exception. Additionally, it would also help empower the most underprivileged, minimizing communication gaps and reducing threats for conflicts. The use of commercial off-the-shelf technologies widely available from the industrial and indeed leisure industries has enabled the development of a new class of space assets which are low-cost, rapid response and yet highly capable small satellites. The cost, nature of technology and scale of these small satellites brings access to the high ground of space within the reach of virtually every nation. While this can be perceived as a potential threat by some super power, which may view this develo pment as erosion of their historical dominance of space, it can also be argued that increased situational awareness from space and the opportunity for wider participation by developing nations in the exploration of space and its applications should help in a decrease in international tensions. 24. The recent trends and developments in commercial space sector indicated significant growth prospects for this industry. It was insisted that the countries are increasingly looking at the commercial space sector as a critical infrastructure for national security. The wider growth of this industry is possible only with the adaptation of innovative but economical technologies, for otherwise it would remain limited to the countries that have the capability to invest in capital intensive projects. The budding countries like India, should invest in technologies like the Near Space technology which can become an alternative to the many existing high cost space platforms. The countrys indigenous industry needs to look into investments in technologies like the nano-technology and scramjet which can help reduce the cost of various space projects. The main challenge of the 21st century in the advancement of space law is to balance the competing complementary interests of the military, intel ligence, civil and commercial space communities.Ã‚ [14]Ã‚